आंबा

• Entire tree gets killed in case of severe infestation.

• Adults : stout, dark brown beetles 50-55 mm (male) and 55-60 mm (female) long with yellowish-green pubescence (fine hairs).

• Keep the orchards clean and follow recommended agro-techniques.

• Mechanically remove the grubs from the infected trunk holes by using iron wire / hook.

Chemical:

• Prune and destroy affected branches and paste the cut ends with 5% copper oxychloride (50 g / liter of water).

• Larva : Small, thick and white, apodus, fleshy, light in colour with dark head. Five larval instars.

• Penetrate the seed coat easier on younger fruit of all varieties.

• Pupa : Pupation inside the stone.

• Spraying the tree trunks with kerosene oil emulsion after harvest of fruits to kill the adults.

• Spraying on young fruits with Dimethoate, Deltamethrine Acephate, Carbaryl and Ethofenprox, Azadirachtin and fish oil rosin soap.

• Collection and destruction of all fallen fruits and seeds during the fruiting period.

• Introduction of the ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricus) into mango orchards with use of soft chemicals.

• Hot water treatment 500C after harvesting of fruits for 30 min.

• Treatment of Mango fruits with Gamma Irradiation.

• About 27% of harvesting loss.

• Attack semi ripe and mature fruits (April and May).

• Other fruits like guava, citrus, plum, peach, sapota, loquot, etc are also susceptible to this pest attack.

• Maggots : White, small and tapers at one end. M.P.: 1-4 weeks whitish colour apodus.

• Pupa : Pupation in soil, P.P. 8-10 days.

• Pest hibernates in pupal stage in soil during winter, active in June – August.

• Maggots feed inside the fruit on pulp.

• Also maggots secretes excreta inside the developing fruits.

• Affected fruits start rotting and drop down.

• Brown rotten patch appears on fruit.

• Pre maturing of fruits and heavy dropping of fruits noticed.

• Attack observed in harvested mango also.

• Sanitation : Daily removal and destruction of fallen affected fruits.

• Bagging of fruits.

• Avoid infestation of fruit flies by early harvesting of mature fruits.

• Raking of soil around the tree to expose and kill the pupae.

Chemical:

• Application of spray bait (20 ml. malathion +200 g gul +20 Lit. water).

• Spraying of adjoining hedges with 0.05% dimethoate or 0.1% carbaryl.

• Monitor the fruit-fly population in orchards by using methyl eugenol traps.

• After harvesting, dip the fruits in 5% sodium chloride solution for 60 minutes to kill the eggs, if any and also to decontaminate them of insecticide residue if at all present.

Natural Enemies:

• The parasitoid associated with this pest are Opius compensatus, Biosleres arisanus (Braconidae), Dirhinus giffardi (Chalcididae),Trybliographa daci (Eucoilidae).

• Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender stem, leaves and fruits.

• In case of severe infestation the tree shows sickly appearance.

• Growth is impaired. Leaves and flowers are shed resulting in poor setting and premature fruit fall.

• Honeydew excreted by the insect favours development of black sooty mould, which also affects normal photosynthetic activity of the plant.

• Older fruits do not develop properly.

• Ploughing below the tree to expose & kill the eggs of mealy bugs.

Chemical:

• Soil application of 2% methyl parathion dust to kill newly emerged nymphs.

• Use of Sticky alkathene sheets of 400 gauge thickness, 25 cm half meter above ground level in second week of December to prevent the climbing of bugs on trees.

• Spray with 0.05% dimethoate or 0.1% carbaryl.

• Caterpillar feeds on tender leaves initially and then bore into the growing shoots from the growing tip downward and kill the shoots completely.

• Spray with 0.03% dimethoate.

• Clip off and destroy infested shoots.

• Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender shoots and inflorescence of mango tree.

• Resulting in withering and shedding of flower buds and also wilting and drying of shoots and leaves.

• Blacking growth on leaf surfaces observed which responsible for declining of photosythetic activities.

• Fruits becomes blackish in colour, dropping of fruits in early stage.

• First spray of imidacloprid (0.005%, 0.3 ml per liter of water) should be done at early stages of panicle formation, if hopper population is more than 5 per panicle.

• The second spray of thiamethoxam (0.005%, i.e., 0.2 g per liter of water) or acephate (1.5 g per liter of water) should be carried out after fruit set.

• If substantial hopper population still persists, third spray of carbaryl (0.15%, i.e., 3 g per liter of water) should be done before maturity of fruits.

• Mettarhizium anisoplae @ 5 gm/lit or Neem oil 5 ml/lit may be sprayed against hoppers and shoot webber.

• Do not to spray insecticides (more than 50 per cent flowering) : affect the pollinator activity leading to low fruit set.

• Synthetic pyrethroids such as cypermethrin, permethrin, fenvalerate and deltamethrin should not be sprayed in mango as they are harmful to human health.