द्राक्षे

• Eggs: In leaf tissues, I.P. 3-8 days.

• Nymph: Nymphal period 11-22 days.

• Pupa: Pupation in soil, P.P. 2-5 days.

• Adults: longevity of male-2 to 6 days, while female 18-20 days.

• Life cycle: Completed in 14-33 days.

• No. of generation: 5-8/year.

• C.O: Pests over winter in pupal stage in soil.

• S.O: Pests is active in summer.

• Both nymphs and adults scrap the ventral surface of leaves, flower stalks, berries and suck the oozing cell sap. As a result affected leaves show silvery white scorchy patches with curly tips, flowers shed & scab formation noticed on infested berries.

• Spray with 0.03% dimethoate or 0.02% phosphamidon or thiamethoxam 25 WG 3 gms or spinosad 45 SP 3 ml or fipronil 5% SC 15 ml in 10 lits of water at 15 days interval, first spray immediately after pruning in April and October.

• Remove grasses from orchard and prune infested leaves.

• Spray with cytraniprol @ 10.26 OD, Emmamectin Benzoate @ 5.00 SG, Lambda cyhalothrin 4.9 CS, Fipronil 80 WG,, first spray immediately after pruning in April and October.

• Use yellow and blue colored sticky traps.

Natural Enemies:

• The parasitoid associated with this pest is Thripocentus maculatus wat.

• During the day hours adults hide on the lower side of leaves or under the forkings of branches.

• The girdling of green branches is an essential event before egg laying.

• This results in considerable damage to the vines as they dry up above the point of girdling.

• The bark and wood are cut right up to the center and at times even the branches are cut in to two bits.

• Girdlings is done at any place from 15 cm to 3 meters above the ground.

• Branches varying from 1.25 to 2.50 cm in thickness are preferred.

• It has greyish brown colour with white and brown irregular markings resembling the black colour.

• Cutting and burring of attacked branches below girdling point and hand collection and destruction of beetles may help in mitigating the beetle.

• Spray the vines with immidacloprid 17.8 SL, Lambda cyhalothrin 4.9 CS, Cytraniprol 10.26 OD.

• Susceptibility to mealy bug damage varies by variety.

• Populations: develop on vigorous vines with heavy foliage that supplies greater shade and nutrition.

• Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from leaves, shoots and bunches, Develop sooty mould on bunches and cause severe damage to fruit bunches.

• Problem from mealybug arises from the honeydew – mostly excess sap, containing high sugar levels.

• Honeydew accumulates on fruit and foliage, supporting the growth of dark sooty mould fungus.

• Transmit grape viruses.

• Debarking of vines and pasting with insecticides like methyl parathion.

• Spraying of fruit bunches with 0.2% dichlorovos in combination with fish oil rosin soap @ 2.5g/lit or sandovit 1-2 ml / lit (Wetting and sticking agent).

• Release of exotic predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mu @ 2500 – 3750/ha.

• 2-3 spraying with verticellium lecani (Bugicide) 5gm +5 ml milk/10 lits of water at 10-12 days interval wfhen the temperature is less than 30 0C & relative humidity is more than 65% is found effective in controlling the mealy bugs effectively.

Natural Enemies:

• Predators like Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Chrysoperla.

• Egg: Eggs are found on the upper surface of the leaves when the population levels are high. Eggs are also laid in its webbing. Freshly laid eggs are minute measuring 0.1 mm white, spherical, transparent and appear like a water droplet.

• Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from lower surface of tender leaves causing the cells to collapse and die.

• In heavy infestations, the mites remove chlorophyll up to 70%.Leading into development of brown burnt patches on the infested leaves, which wither and finally dry.

• Discoloration of leaves leads to reduction in photosynthesis.

• Affecting the vigour of the plants.

• Severe infestation of spider mites results in delay in maturing and ripening of bunches and reduction in sugar content.

• Thereby affecting the quality of grapes.

• Dicofol 18.5 EC @2.50 ml/lit. of water.

OR

• Fenpyroximate 5 SC @ 1 ml/lit. of water.

OR

• Sulphur 80 WP @ 2 gm/lit. of water.

• Larva : Small, pale green or pink with median red line.

• Adult : Small moth.

• Early instar larvae web the flower buds.

• Matured larvae attack bunch of fruit.

• Caterpillar bore into green berry fruit and tunneling.

• Feeds on internal content.

• Affected berries known as "stung berries".

Management:

• Collect and destroy the infested leaves and buried with soil.

• Summer Ploughing : kill the pupae.

• Use pheromone trap to attract male and kill the adult.

• Spot application of bubrofezin and acetemprid for effective manage this pest.

• Adult : dark-brown colour with 3 bladed antennae pair of spines on the posterior end of the elytra.

• Grub : fleshly, thick yellowish and white with curved body.

• Wilting of branches and then the entire vine

• Cutting and burring of attacked branches below girdling point and hand collection and destruction of beetles may help in mitigating the beetle.

• Spray the vines with 1.5 liters monocrotophos 40 EC or Carbaryl 50 WP.